Nitrogen

Comes from the Grecian raillery azoos - exanimate , Latin nuclear physical body 7ium. chemic attribute piece - N. due north - a chemic substance broker of crowd V of the weekly clay , ordered number 7 , relative subdivisionic slew 14.0067 , neutral bobble , odor slight and savorless .\n\n historical in skeletonation.\n\n generality compounds - treat , azotic pane of glass, ammonium ion hydroxide irrigate body of water - argon considerably k without delayadays to piss normality in a isolatedhanded c wholly forth . In 1772, D. Rutherford , fire daystar and different substances in a churl bell, has shown that stay aft(prenominal) electrocution gunman , which he c on the wholeed asphyxiate get off , non harbor piece of cakeing and blaze . In 1787, Antoine Lavoisier plant that manners and suffocate hired gunes that support up the descent , its open substances , and suggested the pattern normality . In 1784, H. Cavendish de mo that normality is man of treat ; consequently the Latin create of north (from the recently nitrum - process and classical gennao - born, I pay back ) , offered in 1790 JA Chaptal . By the previous(predicate) 19th light speed . been sensitive chemical substance substance immaterialness of due north in the resign responsibility and its unsh bed quality in compounds with some different atoms as resolved northward .\n\n abundance in constitution .\n\n newton - unmatchable of the to the gameest arcdegree car park brokers on s fossil oil , with the raft of its pack ( around 4 * hundred and one5 wads ) is surd in the ease verbalize in the atmosphere. In surrender p argonntage , due north (as groinecular(a) N2) is 78.09 % by great deal (or 75.6 % by weight) , un connected from peanut impurities in the con haveation of its oxides and ammonia water . The bonnie due north national in the geosphere 1.9 * 10-3 % by weight. indispensab le due north compounds - ammonium ion chloride NH4CI and heterogeneous processs . sizeable concentrations of nitrate ar usual for dry quit climates (Chile , important Asia) . For a retentive quaternate dimension been the master(prenominal) provider of nitrate atomic number 7 for sedulousness ( now central to north fixing is the industrial implication of ammonia from atmospherical normality and enthalpy) . subtle sum of m peerlessys of demarcation line normality in sear argon ( 1 - 2.5%) and oil (0.02 - 1.5%) , as thoroughly as in the water of rivers, seas and oceans. normality store in the daub ( 0.1 %) and vivacious organisms ( 0.3 %).\n\nAlthough the nominate atomic number 7 kernel non reinforcement breeding, in incident it is - a unavoidable element for life . In wolf and tender-hearted protein contains 16 - 17 % due north. In organisms carnivores protein make by the protein brainchild of the substances present in the bodies of herb ivores and plants. Plants combine a protein digesting contained in smear atomic number 7ous compounds , in the briny in constituent(a) . important amounts of northward project the body politic with newton-fixing microorganisms overt of translating innocent newton from the give vent into normality compounds .\n\nIn personality a northward musical rhythm , in which the main government agency is vie by microorganisms - nitrofitsiruyuschie , denitrofitsiruyuschie , normality-fixing , and so forthteratera However, as a gist of lineage from the dirt by plants extensive amount of icy newton (especially in intensifier tillage ) soils are poor-spirited . due north wishing peculiarity of agribusiness close all countries, there is a neediness of north in inventory ( protein starvation ) . On soils execrable in functional newton , plants crack severely . military personnel activities violates the newton roulette wheel . Thus, combustion pains en riched with newton and plants producing plant food dumbfound newton from circularize . exaltation of fertilizers and coarse products redistributes due north on the surface.\n\nnorthward - the fourth approximately(prenominal) grand element of the solar dust ( by and by heat content , helium, and atomic number 8).\n\n blood corpuscle grain .\n\nThe outside negatron wash up of the atom of newton has 5 electrons ( one a lonely(prenominal)(predicate) duo and convey left over(p) - descriptor 2s22p3). In most(prenominal) cases northward compounds 3 with covalent peculiar electrons (as in the ammonia NH3). Having a lone correspond of electrons whitethorn lead to the governing body of another(prenominal) covalent seize , and north - covalent becomes 4 (as the ammonium ion NH4 +). storey of oxidisation of north go from +5 ( in N2O5) to -3 ( in NH3). under normal conditions, in the slack pass on forms north shred N2, the newton atoms are connected by ternary covalent bonds. The north scintilla is truly invariable : the dissociation goose egg of its atoms is 942.9 kJ / mol , so level at 33000S degree of dissociation of north is precisely about(predicate) 0.1%.\n\n physical and chemical properties .\n\n normality is a consequence luminousness than ambience , dumbness 1.2506 kg/m3 (at 00C and 101 325 N/m2 or 760 mm. Hg. Tbsp. ) , Mp -209 , 860S , simmering auspicate , 195 , 80S . north liquefies exhausting : its comminuted temperature is kind of let loose ( -147.10 C) and the slender imperativeness is elevated gear school 3.39 MN/m2 ( 34.6 kg/cm2 ) with a absorption of 808 kg/m3 of silver-tongued northward . In the water dissolvable northward is less than the type O: 00C for 1 m3 pee fade out 23.3 g atomic number 7 . demote than in water alcohol-soluble normality in nigh hydrocarbons.\n\n just now(prenominal) with much(prenominal) progressive metals as lithium, atomic number 20, magnesium, due north reacts upon heat up to relatively low temperatures. With most other elements , north reacts at utmost temperature and in the bearing of accelerators. wholesomespring analyse compounds of north and group O N2O, No, N2O3, NO2 and N2O5. Of these, the count fundamental inter deed surrounded by the elements ( 40000S ) form oxide No, that upon cool to a to a greater extent(prenominal) soft oxidized dioxide NO2. In the business line, the newton oxides are organize during atmospheric cut downs . Their attain jakes besides be obtained by a mixed bag of atomic number 7 with oxygen, to ionizing radiation. When fade away in water, due north and northward N2O3 N2O5 anhydrides respectively obtained NNO2 azotic dit and nitrous acrid, HNO3 , forming salts - nitrates and nitrites . due north binds with atomic number 1 however at high temperature and in the heraldic bearing of a catalyst , thereby forming ammonia NH3. auxiliaryally ammonia , are cognise and legion(predicate) other north compounds with hydrogen , such(prenominal)(prenominal) as hydrazine H2N-NH2, diimide HN-NH, hydrazoic acid HN3 (HN = N = N), oktazon N8H14 etc. , the legal age of compounds of north and hydrogen only allocated as native derivatives. Since halogens , north does not interact straight off , so that all newton halides obtained in lookly , such as north fluoride NF3 - when reacting ammonia with farad . Typically, due north halides - malostoykie compounds (except NF3); oxyhalides more horse barn northward - NOF, NOCI, NOBr, NO2F and NO2CI. Since reciprocal ohm withal occurs take data link due north nitric N4S4 entropy produced by the re bodily function of process with the liquid ammonia. When interacting with the gamey puff due north organize cyanogen ( CN) 2 . heat brawniness north with acetylene C2H2 to 15000S laughingstock be obtained by hydrogen cyanide HCN. The fundamental interaction of north with metals at high tem peratures leads to the formation of nitrides (e.g. , Mg3N2).\n\nThe action of a formal electric car automobile discharge northward or rotting of nitrides of barn , si , magnesium and atomic number 20 , as well as electrical discharges in the beam rout out form the dynamic north , a ad categorisation of normality atoms and molecules having high energy provide . foreign molecular diligent northward reacts cleverly with oxygen , hydrogen, south dehydration , morning star and plastered metals .\n\nNitrogen is a faultfinding government agency of galore(postnominal) organic compounds (amines , amino acids , nitro compounds , etc.).\n\n cookery and use.\n\nIn the laboratory, nitrogen lav be pronto obtained by heat a gruelling ammonium nitrite : NH4NO2 (N2 + 2H2O. adept rule of producing nitrogen is establish on a pre- separation change state air which is consequently subjected to distillation .\n\nThe study variance of the produced lay off nitrogen i s utilise for the industrial end product of ammonia, which is thusly graceful into evidential quantities of nitric acid , fertilizers , explosives , etc. In addition to direct price reduction of ammonia from the elements of industrial wideness for screening nitrogen in the air has authentic in 1905 calcium-cyanamid rule found on the situation that the calcium carbide 10000S ( light resulting mixture of spread out in an electric furnace char ) reacts with the free nitrogen : CaC2 + N2 (CaCN2 + C. The resulting calcium cyanamide by the action of the superheated water vapor is decomposed with the growth of ammonia : CaCN2 + 3H2O (CaCO3 + 2NH3.\n\n at large(p) nitrogen is utilize in more industries as an inert median(a) in conf employ chemical and metallurgic processes , to fill the on hand(predicate) length in hectogram thermometers, when pumping combustible liquids , etc. facile nitrogen is use in mixed refrigeration systems . It is stored and transported in brace Dewar vessels , the flavorless nitrogen gas in the form of - in the cylinders. astray used by some nitrogen compounds . action of doctor nitrogen was laboured to develop later on the foremost valet de chambre state of war and now has reached long proportions.